Abstract
This study aimed to determine the level of readiness, engagement, competence and challenges of science teachers in using AI-based teaching strategies of selected secondary schools within the legislative district 5 in the Division of Isabela. The study utilized descriptive-explanatory design involving a total of sixteen (16) schools, two (2) schools randomly selected from each district yielding one hundred four (104) randomly selected teachers served as respondents of the study determined through multi-stage sampling. Data collection commenced using a valid and reliable survey questionnaire consisting of specific indicators to collect the quantitative data, while an interview guide was crafted to acquire the qualitative data. The study revealed that most of the teachers lack training in AI-based teaching strategies. At the same time, content and delivery tools and assessment and feedback tools are the main AI tools used for the instruction and evaluation process. More so, science teachers are "Moderately Ready", specifically along three (3) domains. However, on access to resources, they are "Slightly Ready". Moreover, science teachers are "Moderately Engaged" and "Moderately Competent" in all domains. Findings indicate that statistically substantial positive correlations are found in all areas of AI competence, and both levels of readiness and engagement clearly indicate a synergistic relationship. As teachers become more ready and engaged with AI, their ability to use these technologies for instructional motives improves. Finally, the primary identified challenge is the lack of professional AI training for teachers. These served as the fundamental basis of the capacitation plan to enhance the areas that need improvement that are critical to progressing both teacher competence and the overall quality of science education.References
Ajani, O. A. (2024). Technological pedagogical content knowledge for twenty-first century learning skills. International Journal of Research In Business and Social Science, 13(4), 468–476. https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v13i4.3355
Al Darayseh, A. S. (2023). Acceptance of artificial intelligence in teaching science: Science teachers’ perspective. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 4, 100132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100132
Al Dhaen, E., Stone, M. D., & Mahmood, M. (2022). Higher Education Institutional Strategies to Sustain Quality Education. Advances in Educational Marketing, Administration, and Leadership Book Series, 37–48. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8279-4.ch003
Al Harra, N. H., & El Din, M. S. (2024). Utilizing AI for Assessment, Grading, and Feedback in Higher Education. In Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series. IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-2145-4
Alamäki, A., Khan, U. A., Kauttonen, J., & Schlögl, S. (2024). An Experiment of AI-Based Assessment: Perspectives of Learning Preferences, Benefits, Intention, Technology Affinity, and Trust. Education Sciences, 14(12), 1386–1386. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14121386
Alexandrowicz, V. (2024). Artificial Intelligence Integration in Teacher Education: Navigating Benefits, Challenges, and Transformative Pedagogy. Journal of Education and Learning, 13(6), 346. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v13n6p346
Aliyu, A., Ladan, A., & Umar, A. (2024). Science Teacher’s Technological Knowledge and Application in the Teaching and Learning of Science. IOSR Journal, 2(14). https://doi.org/10.9790/7388-1402010109
Almasri, F. (2024). Exploring the impact of artificial intelligence in teaching and learning of science: A systematic review of empirical research. Research in Science Education, 54, 977–997. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-024-10176-3
Alshorman, S. (2024). The Readiness To Use Ai In Teaching Science: Science Teachers’ Perspective. Journal of Baltic Science Education, 23(3), 432–448. https://doi.org/10.33225/jbse/24.23.432
AL-Smad, M. (2024, June 29). History of Using AI in Education. Hackernoon.com. https://hackernoon.com/history-of-using-ai-in-education
Altinay, Z., Altinay, F., Sharma, R. C., Dagli, G., Shadiev, R., Yikici, B., & Altinay, M. (2024). Capacity Building for Student Teachers in Learning, Teaching Artificial Intelligence for Quality of Education. Societies, 14(8), 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc14080148Ogena, E. B., Rodriguez, Y. C., & Diolata, K. B. (2019). Exploring opportunities for inquiry-based instruction in Philippine science classrooms. Asia-Pacifi c Science Education, 5(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1186/ s41029-019-0039-9
Archambault, L., Leary, H., & Rice, K. (2022). Pillars of online pedagogy: A framework for teaching in online learning environments. Educational Psychologist, 57(3), 178–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2022.2051513
Atchley, P., Pannell, H., Wofford, K., Hopkins, M., & Ruth Ann Atchley. (2024). Human and AI collaboration in the higher education environment: opportunities and concerns. Cognitive Research, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-024-00547-9
Attard-Frost, B., & Widder, D. G. (2025). The ethics of AI value chains. Big Data & Society, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517251340603
Ayanwale, M. A., Sanusi, I. T., Adelana, O. P., Aruleba, K. D., and Oyelere, S. S. (2022). Teachers’ readiness and intention to teach artificial intelligence in schools. Comput. Educ. Artif. Int. 3:100099. doi: 10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100099
Ayaz, A., & Yanartaş, M. (2020). An Analysis on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology Theory (UTAUT): Acceptance of Electronic Document Management System (EDMS). Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 2(100032), 100032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chbr.2020.100032
Bakhadirov, M., Alasgarova, R., & Rzayev, J. (2024). Factors Influencing Teachers’ Use of Artificial Intelligence for Instructional Purposes. IAFOR Journal of Education, 12(2), 9–32. https://doi.org/10.22492/ije.12.2.01
Baniqued, W., & Bautista, R. (2024). Teachers’ Preparedness on Pedagogical Practices in K-12 Science Education: Foundations for Crafting an Effective Science Program. American Journal of Educational Research, 12(8), 291–297. https://doi.org/10.12691/education-12-8-1
Barsoum, S. S., Elnagar, M. S., & Awad, B. M. (2022). The effectiveness of using a cognitive style-based chatbot in developing science concepts and critical thinking skills among preparatory school students. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 18(22), Article 52. https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2022.v18n22p52
Bautista, A., Estrada, C., Jaravata, A.M., Mangaser, L.M., Narag, F., Soquila, R., & Asuncion, R.J. (2024). Preservice Teachers’ Readiness Towards Integrating AI-Based Tools in Education: A TPACK Approach. Educational Process: International Journal, 13(3): 40-68. https://doi.org/10.22521/edupij.2024.133.3
Bhargava, A., Bester, M., & Bolton, L. (2020). Employees’ Perceptions of the Implementation of Robotics, Artificial Intelligence, and Automation (RAIA) on Job Satisfaction, Job Security, and Employability. Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science, 6(6), 106–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41347-020-00153-8
Biagini, G. (2025). Towards an AI-Literate Future: A Systematic Literature Review Exploring Education, Ethics, and Applications. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-025-00466-w
Bilal, D., He, J., & Liu, J. (2025). Guest editorial: AI in education: transforming teaching and learning. Information and Learning Sciences, 126(1/2), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1108/ils-01-2025-268
Brake, A. M. (2019). Shifting Paradigms: Exploring Changes in Personal and Professional Engagement from 2019 to 2024-2025. FUSE (Franklin University Scholarly Exchange). https://fuse.franklin.edu/showcase/2025/presentations/24/
Bryant, J., Heitz, C., Sanghvi, S., & Wagle, D. (2020). Public Sector Practice & Social Sector Practice. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Industries/Social%20Sector/Our%20Insights/How%20artificial%20intelligence%20will%20impact%20K%2012%20teachers/How-artificial-intelligence-will-impact-K-12-teachers.pdf
Cadiz, A., & Orleans, A. (2023, April 3). Social, Technology, Economy, Environmental, and Political (STEEP) Landscapes in Philippine K to 12 Basic Education: Looking into the Lens and Perspective of Science Education • Far Eastern University. Far Eastern University. https://www.feu.edu.ph/asian-journal-on-perspectives-in-education/ajpe-volume-1-issue-1/social-technology-economy-environmental-and-political-steep-landscapes-in-philippine-k-to-12-basic-education-looking-into-the-lens-and-perspective-of-science-education/
Cano, C. A. G. (2025). Research, Ethics and Artificial Intelligence Challenges and Opportunities. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 487–497. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-88304-0_68
Casalino, L., Gaieb, Z., Goldsmith, J. A., Hjorth, C. K., Dommer, A. C., Harbison, A. M., Fogarty, C. A., Barros, E. P., Taylor, B. C., McLellan, J. S., Fadda, E., & Amaro, R. E. (2020). Beyond shielding: The roles of glycans in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. ACS Central Science, 6(10), 1722–1734. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.0c01056
Chai, C. S., Lin, P.-Y., Jong, M. S.-Y., Dai, Y., Chiu, T. K. F., & Qin, J. (2021). Perceptions of and Behavioral Intentions towards Learning Artificial Intelligence in Primary School Students. Educational Technology & Society, 24(3), 89–101. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27032858
Chiu, T. K., & Chai, C. S. (2020). Sustainable curriculum planning for artificial intelligence education: A self-determination theory perspective. Sustainability, 12(14), Article 5568. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145568
Chiu, T. K., Xia, Q., Zhou, X., Chai, C. S., & Cheng, M. (2023). Systematic literature review on opportunities, challenges, and future research recommendations of artificial intelligence in education. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 4, 100118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100118.
Chiu, T., Ahmad, Z., & Çoban, M. (2024). Development and validation of teacher artificial intelligence (AI) competence self-efficacy (TAICS) scale. Education and Information Technologies, 30(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-13094-z
Chiu, T., Ahmad, Z., & Çoban, M. (2024). Development and validation of teacher artificial intelligence (AI) competence self-efficacy (TAICS) scale. Education and Information Technologies, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-13094-z
Chou, C. M., Shen, T. C., & Shen, C. H. (2023). The level of perceived efficacy from teachers to access AI-based teaching applications. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 18, 021–021. https://doi.org/10.58459/rptel.2023.18021
Chounta, I.-A., Bardone, E., Raudsep, A., & Pedaste, M. (2021). Exploring Teachers’ Perceptions of Artificial Intelligence as a Tool to Support their Practice in Estonian K-12 Education. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 32(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-021-00243-5
Corbeil, J. R., & Corbeil, M. E. (2025). Teaching and Learning in the Age of Generative AI. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032688602
Crawford, J., Cowling, M., & Allen, K.-A. (2023). Leadership is needed for ethical ChatGPT: Character, assessment, and learning using artificial intelligence (AI). Journal of University Teaching & Learning Practice, 20(3). https://doi.org/10.53761/1.20.3.02
Cukurova, M., Khan-Galaria, M., Millán, E., & Luckin, R. (2022). A Learning Analytics Approach to Monitoring the Quality of Online One-to-One Tutoring. Journal of Learning Analytics, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.18608/jla.2022.7411
Czerkawski, B. (2024). AI and the Learning Experience Design: From Divergent Creativity to Convergent Precision. TechTrends, 69(2), 260–270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-024-01032-2
Dai, Y. (2023). Negotiation of epistemological understandings and teaching practices between primary teachers and scientists about artificial intelligence in professional development. Research in Science Education, 53(3), 577–591. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-022-10072-8.
Dené Poth, R. (2023, November 9). Effective Professional Development on AI. Edutopia. https://www.edutopia.org/article/ai-professional-development-helps-teachers-tech-integration
Đerić, E., Frank, D., & Vuković, D. (2025). Exploring the Ethical Implications of Using Generative AI Tools in Higher Education. Informatics, 12(2), 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics12020036
Djudin, T. (2024). Assessing Teachers’ Readiness in Implementing The 21st Science Teaching Pedagogical Practice: A Cross-Sectional Study in West Kalimantan-Indonesia. JIPF (Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Fisika), 9(3), 340. https://doi.org/10.26737/jipf.v9i3.5174
Durak, B., & Topçu, M. S. (2025). Exploring Teachers’ Professional Development on Socioscientific Issues and Model-Based Learning: A Multiple Case Study. Science & Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-025-00628-1
Eaton, S. E. (2025). Global Trends in Education: Artificial Intelligence, Postplagiarism, and Future-focused Learning for 2025 and Beyond – 2024–2025 Werklund Distinguished Research Lecture. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 21(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-025-00187-6
Elmali, Ş., & Kiyici, F. B. (2022). What do science teachers expect from a technology-based professional development program? Reflections from a pilot study. Participatory Educational Research, 9(6), 66–88. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.22.129.9.6
Elnaggar, O., & Arelhi, R. (2021). Quantification of Knowledge Exchange within Classrooms: An AI-based Approach. https://papers.iafor.org/wp-content/uploads/papers/ece2021/ECE2021_60206.pdf
Eskici, M., & Çayak, S. (2023). The Relationship between Teachers’ Technology Proficiencies and their Levels of Integrating Technology into their Lessons. Journal of Educational Technology and Online Learning, 6(4), 808–821. https://doi.org/10.31681/jetol.1331971
Estrellado, J. C., & Miranda, J. (2023). Artificial Intelligence in the Philippine Educational Context: Circumspection and Future Inquiries. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 13(5), 16. https://doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.13.04.2023.p13704
Fabian, C. (2025, February 18). The Budgeting Process: Governments Find Power in AI. National League of Cities. https://www.nlc.org/article/2025/02/18/the-budgeting-process-governments-find-power-in-ai/
Gagro, S. F. (2024). Artificial Intelligence in Education – Current Challenges. Anali Pravnog Fakulteta U Beogradu, 72(4), 725–747. https://doi.org/10.51204/Anali_PFBU_24405A
Galindo-Domínguez, H., Delgado, N., Campo, L., & Losada, D. (2024). Relationship between teachers’ digital competence and attitudes towards artificial intelligence in education. International Journal of Educational Research, 126, 102381–102381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2024.102381
García-Martínez, I., Fernández-Batanero, J. M., Fernández-Cerero, J., & León, S. P. (2023). Analysing the impact of Artificial Intelligence and Computational Sciences on student performance: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research, 12(1), 171–197. https://doi.org/10.7821/naer.2023.1.1240
Gibson, R. (2024, September 10). The Impact of AI in Advancing Accessibility for Learners with Disabilities. EDUCAUSE Review. https://er.educause.edu/articles/2024/9/the-impact-of-ai-in-advancing-accessibility-for-learners-with-disabilities
Gonzalez, A. J., Hollister, J. R., DeMara, R. F., Leigh, J., Lanman, B., Lee, S. Y., & Wilder, B. (2017). AI in informal science education: Bringing turing back to life to perform the turing test. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 27, 353–384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-017-0144-1.
Hanson, S. (2025, April 23). Boosting Student Engagement Through AI: The Future of Learning. Kitaboo. https://kitaboo.com/student-engagement-through-ai/
Hava, K., & Babayiğit, Ö. (2024). Exploring the relationship between teachers’ competencies in AI-TPACK and digital proficiency. Education and Information Technologies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-12939-x
Hay, A. (2024). Top 10 AI Assessment Tools For Educational Institutes | Coursebox AI. Coursebox.ai. https://www.coursebox.ai/blog/best-ai-assessment-tools
Heung, I., & Su, J. (2024). Artificial intelligence (AI) learning tools in K-12 education: A scoping review. Journal of Computers in Education, 12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40692-023-00304-9
Holmes, W., Bialik, M., & Fadel, C. (2023). Artificial intelligence in education. Data Ethics : Building Trust : How Digital Technologies Can Serve Humanity, 621–653. https://doi.org/10.58863/20.500.12424/4276068
Holmes, W., Porayska-Pomsta, K., Holstein, K., Sutherland, E., Baker, T., Shum, S. B., Santos, O. C., Rodrigo, M. T., Cukurova, M., Bittencourt, I. I., & Koedinger, K. R. (2021). Ethics of AI in Education: Towards a Community-Wide Framework. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 32(1), 504–526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-021-00239-1
Hussein, E., Hussein, M., & Al-Hendawi, M. (2025). Investigation into the Applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Special Education: A Literature Review. Social Sciences, 14(5), 288. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14050288
Hutson, M. (2023). Hypotheses devised by AI could find “blind spots” in research. Nature, 4(16). https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-03596-0
Ibáñez, M. B., & Delgado-Kloos, C. (2018). Augmented reality for STEM learning: A systematic review. Computers & Education, 123, 109–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.05.002.
International Journal of STEM Education. (2019, October 9). International Journal of STEM Education. https://stemeducationjournal.springeropen.com/
Iryna, V. (2025). Competence of Teachers and Ethical Aspects of Implementing AI Technologies in Education. Communications in Computer and Information Science, 397–406. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-83432-5_28
Joseph, S. (2025). Rethinking assessment: how AI is changing the way we measure student success? AI & SOCIETY. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02255-4
Kaledio, P., Robert, A., & Frank, L. (2024). The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Students’ Learning Experience. Social Science Research Network. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4716747
Kamalov, F., Santandreu C. D., & Gurrib, I. (2023). New era of artificial intelligence in education: Towards a sustainable multifaceted revolution. Sustainability, 15(16), 12451. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151612451
Kefalis, C., Skordoulis, C., & Drigas, A. (2025). Digital Simulations in STEM Education: Insights from Recent Empirical Studies, a Systematic Review. Encyclopedia, 5(1), 10–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5010010
Khan, S., Mazhar, T., Shahzad, T., Khan, M. A., Rehman, A. U., Saeed, M. M., & Hamam, H. (2025). Harnessing AI for sustainable higher education: ethical considerations, operational efficiency, and future directions. Discover Sustainability, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-00809-6
Khlaif, Z. N., Alkouk, W. A., Salama, N., & Eideh, B. A. (2025). Redesigning Assessments for AI-Enhanced Learning: A Framework for Educators in the Generative AI Era. Education Sciences, 15(2), 174–174. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15020174
Kim, N. J., & Kim, M. K. (2022). Teacher’s Perceptions of Using an Artificial Intelligence-Based Educational Tool for Scientific Writing. Frontiers in Education, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.755914
Ko Teh, R. (2023, November 26). E-Learning report sees AI, skills-based learning as top trends in PH higher educ in 2024. Newsbytes.PH. https://www.newsbytes.ph/2023/11/26/e-learning-report-sees-ai-skills-based-learning-as-top-trends-in-ph-higher-educ-in-2024/
Kohnke, L. (2024). Enhancing Teacher Professional Development with AI. Springer Briefs in Education, 55–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8839-2_6
Kotsis, K. T. (2024). Integration of Artificial Intelligence in Science Teaching in Primary Education: Applications for Teachers. European Journal of Contemporary Education and E-Learning, 2(3), 27–43. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejceel.2024.2(3).04
Kouloukoui, D., de Marcellis-Warin, N., & Warin, T. (2025). Balancing risks and benefits: public perceptions of AI through traditional surveys and social media analysis. AI & SOCIETY. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-025-02232-x
Kundu, A., & Bej, T. (2025). Transforming EFL Teaching with AI: A Systematic Review of Empirical Studies. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 23(1560-4306). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-025-00470-0
Lan, G., Feng, X., Du, S., Song, F., & Xiao, Q. (2025). Integrating ethical knowledge in generative AI education: constructing the GenAI-TPACK framework for university teachers’ professional development. Education and Information Technologies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-025-13427-6
Le Dinh, T., Le, T. D., Uwizeyemungu, S., & Pelletier, C. (2025). Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education: A Framework for Systematic Literature Reviews. Information, 16(3), 240. https://doi.org/10.3390/info16030240
Lee, I., and Perret, B. (2022). Preparing high school teachers to integrate AI methods into STEM classrooms. Proc. AAAI Conf. Artif. Int. 36, 12783–12791.
Lin, C.-C., Huang, A. Y. Q., & Lu, O. H. T. (2023). Artificial intelligence in intelligent tutoring systems toward sustainable education: a systematic review. Smart Learning Environments, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-023-00260-y
Lin, X. F., Chen, L., Chan, K. K., Peng, S., Chen, X., Xie, S., ... & Hu, Q. (2022). Teachers’ perceptions of teaching sustainable artificial intelligence: A design frame perspective. Sustainability, 14(13), 7811. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137811
Lindner, A., & Romeike. R. (2019, November). Teachers’ Perspectives on Artificial Intelligence. ResearchGate; unknown. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Annabel-Lindner/publication/337716601_Teachers
Liu, X., & Li, Y. (2025). Examining the Double-Edged Sword Effect of AI Usage on Work Engagement: The Moderating Role of Core Task Characteristics Substitution. Behavioral Sciences, 15(2), 206–206. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15020206
Long, D., & Magerko, B. (2020). What is AI Literacy? Competencies and Design Considerations. Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376727
López, A., Meneses, A., & Montenegro, M. (2025). Pre-service Teachers’ TPACK and Its Relationship to Technology Integration in Science Learning Activities. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 2(8). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-025-10201-8
Luckin, R., Cukurova, M., Kent, C., & du Boulay, B. (2022). Empowering educators to be AI-ready. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3(3), 100076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100076
Mahendra, S. (2024, December 6). AI in student assessment and grading. Artificial Intelligence +. https://www.aiplusinfo.com/blog/ai-in-student-assessment-and-grading/
Mahmoud, A. M. (2020). Artifcial intelligence applications: An introduction to education development in the light of corona virus pandemic COVID 19 challenges. International Journal of Research in Educational Sciences., 3(4). http://iafh.net/index.php/IJRES/article/view/240
Makesh, L. (2025, May). How AI Is Transforming Personalized Learning In 2025 And Beyond. ELearning Industry. https://elearningindustry.com/how-ai-is-transforming-personalized-learning-in-2025-and-beyond
Margot, K., & Kettler, T. (2019). Teachers’ perception of STEM integration and education: A systematic literature review. International Journal of STEM Education, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-018-0151-2
Mavroudi, A., Giannakos, M., & Krogstie, J. (2018). Supporting adaptive learning pathways through the use of learning analytics: Developments, challenges and future opportunities. Interactive Learning Environments, 26(2), 206–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2017.1292531
Mayer, H., Yee, L., Chui, M., & Roberts, R. (2025). Superagency in the workplace: Empowering people to unlock AI’s full potential. McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/mckinsey-digital/our-insights/superagency-in-the-workplace-empowering-people-to-unlock-ais-full-potential-at-work
McGrath, C., Cerratto Pargman, T., Juth, N., & Palmgren, P. J. (2023). University teachers’ perceptions of responsibility and artificial intelligence in higher education - an experimental philosophical study. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 4, 100139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100139
McGraw-Hill. (2019, April 16). What Is TPACK Theory and How Can It Be Used in the Classroom? | McGraw Hill Canada. Www.mheducation.ca. https://www.mheducation.ca/blog/what-is-tpack-theory-and-how-can-it-be-used-in-the-classroom
Medzerian, D. (2024, February 5). How teachers make ethical judgments when using AI in class. USC Today. https://today.usc.edu/ai-in-the-classroom-how-teachers-make-ethical-judgments/
Meng, X., Yang, B., Yang, L. et al. A Novel AI-Empowered, Student-Centered Teaching Strategy for Large Classes in Higher Education. Int J of Sci and Math Educ (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-025-10573-8
Minner, D. D., Levy, A. J., & Century, J. (2010). Inquiry- based science instruction—what is it and does it matter? Results from a research synthesis years 1984 to 2002. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 47(4), 474-496. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.20347
Miza, J. (2025, February 4). Top 15 Free AI Tools Revolutionizing Teaching in 2025. Atlas.org; Atlas. https://www.atlas.org/blog/educational-resources/top-15-free-ai-tools-revolutionizing-teaching-2025
Mohammed, A. F. A., Al-Himali Al-Kahtani, S. H., & Mohammed Al-Dossary, S. M. (2024). The Ethical Responsibilities of Researchers in Light of the Technological Advancement and Artificial Intelligence Methods: A Case Study of Management Ph.D. Researchers at Midocean University. EVOLUTIONARY STUDIES in IMAGINATIVE CULTURE, 194–218. https://doi.org/10.70082/esiculture.vi.805
Mollick, E. R., & Mollick, L. (2023). Using AI to Implement Effective Teaching Strategies in Classrooms: Five Strategies, Including Prompts. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4391243
Mollick, E. R., & Mollick, L. (2023, March 17). Using AI to Implement Effective Teaching Strategies in Classrooms: Five Strategies, Including Prompts. Papers.ssrn.com. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4391243
Nagelhout, R. (2025, April 8). AI Can Add, Not Just Subtract, From Learning. Harvard Graduate School of Education. https://www.gse.harvard.edu/ideas/news/25/04/ai-can-add-not-just-subtract-learning
Ng, D. T. K., Leung, J. K. L., Su, J., Ng, R. C. W., & Chu, S. K. W. (2023). Teachers’ AI digital competencies and twenty-first century skills in the post-pandemic world. Educational Technology Research and Development, 71(1), 137–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-023-10203-6
Nguyen, K. V. (2025). The Use of Generative AI Tools in Higher Education: Ethical and Pedagogical Principles. Journal of Academic Ethics, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-025-09607-1
Nikitas, A., Michalakopoulou, K., Njoya, E. T., & Karampatzakis, D. (2020). Artificial Intelligence, Transport and the Smart City: Definitions and Dimensions of a New Mobility Era. Sustainability, 12(7), 2789. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072789
Ning, Y., Zhang, C., Xu, B., Zhou, Y., & Wijaya, T. T. (2024). Teachers’ AI-TPACK: Exploring the Relationship between Knowledge Elements. Sustainability, 16(3), 978. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16030978
Nja, C., Idiege, K. J., Uwe, U. E., Meremikwu, A. N., Ekon, E. E., Erim, C., Ukah Ukah, J., Okon Eyo, E., Anari, M. I., & Cornelius-Ukpepi, B. U. (2023). Adoption of artificial intelligence in science teaching: From the vantage point of the African science teachers. Smart Learning Environments, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-023-00261-x
Nur Fitria, T. (2021, December 20). Artificial Intelligence (AI) In Education: Using AI Tools for Teaching and Learning Process. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357447234_Artificial_Intelligence_AI_In_Education_Using_AI_Tools_for_Teaching_and_Learning_Process
Ocumpaugh, J., Roscoe, R. D., Baker, R. S., Hutt, S., & Aguilar, S. J. (2024). Toward Asset-based Instruction and Assessment in Artificial Intelligence in Education. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-023-00382-x
Office of the President of the Philippines. (2023, November 15). The Philippines is ready for AI – PBBM. GOVPH. https://www.gov.ph/news/the-philippines-is-ready-for-ai-pbbm
Ofosu-Ampong, K., Acheampong, B., Kevor, M.-O., & Amankwah-Sarfo, F. (2023). Acceptance of Artificial Intelligence (ChatGPT) in education: Trust, innovativeness and psychological need of students. Information and Knowledge Management, 13(4), 37–47. https://doi.org/10.7176/ikm/13-4-03
Osuwan, H., & Songkram, N. (2022). Applying the Technology Acceptance Model to Elucidate K-12 Teachers’ Use of Digital Learning Platforms in Thailand during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability, 14(10), 1–12. https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v14y2022i10p6027-d816550.html
Ouyang, F., & Jiao, P. (2021). Artificial Intelligence in Education: the Three Paradigms. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2(1), 100020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100020
Oved, O., & Alt, D. (2025). Teachers’ technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) as a precursor to their perceived adopting of educational AI tools for teaching purposes. Education and Information Technologies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-025-13371-5
Owan, V. J., Abang, K. B., Idika, D. O., Etta, E. O., & Bassey, B. A. (2023). Exploring the potential of artificial intelligence tools in educational measurement and assessment. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 19(8). https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/13428
Parane, F. (2023). Challenges and Teaching Methods for Exceptional Learners in Science: Academic Performance and Teacher Perspectives in an Inclusive Junior High School Classroom. International Journal of Academic and Practical Research, 2(1), 1–1. https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=19573
Park, J., Teo, T. J., Teo, A. C. K., Chang, J., Huang, J., & Koo, S. (2023). Integrating artificial intelligence into science lessons: teachers’ experiences and views. International Journal of STEM Education, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-023-00454-3
Park, J., Teo, T. W., Teo, A., Chang, J., Huang, J. S., & Koo, S. (2023). Integrating artificial intelligence into science lessons: Teachers’ experiences and views. International Journal of STEM Education, 10(61). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-023-00454-3
Parveen, I., & Awan, R.-N. (2019). Equitable Higher Education: Students’ Perspective on Access to Resources, Participation, and Educational Outcomes. 41(1), 185–201. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1217921.pdf
Popenici, S. A., & Kerr, S. (2017). Exploring the impact of artificial intelligence on teaching and learning in higher education. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 12(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41039-017-0062-8.
Ramazanoglu, M., & Akın, T. (2024). AI readiness scale for teachers: Development and validation. Education and Information Technologies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-024-13087-y
Ren, X., & Wu, M. L. (2025). Examining Teaching Competencies and Challenges While Integrating Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education. TechTrends. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-025-01055-3
Renz, A., & Hilbig, R. (2020). Prerequisites for artificial intelligence in further education: identification of drivers, barriers, and business models of educational technology companies. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-020-00193-3
Rinke, C., Irish, T., & Berkowitz, A. (2018). Professional Growth Orientation and Collaboration: Mediating Roles in Science Teacher Professional Learning. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1263595.pdf
Ross, E. (2023, July 20). Embracing Artificial Intelligence in the Classroom. Harvard Graduate School of Education. https://www.gse.harvard.edu/ideas/usable-knowledge/23/07/embracing-artificial-intelligence-classroom
Ryder, M. (2023, November 6). Integrating AI in the science classroom. Amplify. https://amplify.com/blog/science-classroom/integrating-ai-in-the-science-classroom/
Sacks, I. (2025, February 27). The future is already here: AI and education in 2025 • Stanford Accelerator for Learning. Stanford Accelerator for Learning. https://acceleratelearning.stanford.edu/story/the-future-is-already-here-ai-and-education-in-2025/
Sallam, M., Salim, N. A., Barakat, M., Fayyad, D., Hallit, S., Harapan, H., … & Mahafzah, A. (2023). ChatGPT output regarding compulsory vaccination and COVID-19 vaccine conspiracy: A descriptive study at the outset of a paradigm shift in online search for information. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.35029
Saro, J., Oquilan, J., Basigsig, E., Castillo, R. C., & Lastra, J. (2023). A Comprehensive Review: Transforming Science Education in the Pearl of the Orient- Innovations in Teaching Approaches and Technology Integration. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(9), 1–1. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10068809
Science Education In The Philippines. (2020, October 12). Scribd. https://www.scribd.com/document/479689134/SCIENCE-EDUCATION-IN-THE-PHILIPPINES
Shi, L., Ding, A. -C., & Choi, I. (2024). Investigating Teachers’ Use of an AI-Enabled System and Their Perceptions of AI Integration in Science Classrooms: A Case Study. Education Sciences, 14(11), 1187. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14111187
Shin, W.-S., & Shin, D.-H. (2020). A Study on the Application of Artificial Intelligence in Elementary Science Education. Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education, 39(1), 117–132. https://doi.org/10.15267/keses.2020.39.1.117
Shukla, N. (2025). Investigating AI systems: examining data and algorithmic bias through hermeneutic reverse engineering. Frontiers in Communication, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2025.1380252
Somabut, A., Tuamsuk, K., Lowatcharin, G., Traiyarach, S., & Kwangmaung, P. (2025). Preparing for the Ai Era: Science Teachers’ Readiness and Professional Development Needs for Generative Ai Integration in Secondary Education. Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5124673
Song, J., Zhang, L., Yu, J., Yan, P., Ma, A., & Lu, Y. (2022). Paving the way for novices: How to teach AI for K-12 education in China. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 36(11), 12852–12857. https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i11.21565
Sungur Gul, K., Saylan Kirmizigul, A. S., Ates, H., & Garzon, J. (2023). Advantages and challenges of STEM education in K-12: Systematic review and research synthesis. International Journal of Research in Education and Science (IJRES), 9(2), 283-307. https://doi.org/10.46328/ijres.3127
Tang, K.-S., & Cooper, G. (2024). The Role of Materiality in an Era of Generative Artificial Intelligence. Science & Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-024-00508-0
Taqa, A. (2025, February 8). Teacher Training and Professional Development in the Age of AI. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/388910863_Teacher_Training_and_Professional_Development_in_the_Age_of_AI
The Future of Learning: AI Agents and Human-Centered Education. (2023). Digital Education; Stanford University. https://digitaleducation.stanford.edu/book-series/2025/future-of-learning
Undar, G., John, F. R., & Madrigal, D. V. (2021). Online teaching readiness of teachers in Salesian schools. Asian Research Journal of Arts & Social Sciences, 15(2), 24–36. https://doi.org/10.9734/arjass/2021/v15i230254
Usher, M., & Barak, M. (2024). Unpacking the role of AI ethics online education for science and engineering students. International Journal of STEM Education, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-024-00493-4& Fuzzy Systems, 37(1), 45–51. https://doi.org/10.3233/jifs-179062.
Uygun, D. (2024). Teachers’ perspectives on Artificial Intelligence in education. Advances in Mobile Learning Educational Research, 4(1), 931–939. https://doi.org/10.25082/amler.2024.01.005
Vieira, R. M., Tenreiro-Vieira, C. C., Bem-Haja, P., & Lucas, M. (2023). STEM Teachers’ Digital Competence: Different Subjects, Different Proficiencies. Education Sciences, 13(11), 1133–1133. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13111133
Wahyono, I. D., Fadlika, I., Asfani, K., Putranto, H., Hammad, J., & Sunarti. (2019). New adaptive intelligence method for personalized adaptive laboratories. In 2019 International conference on electrical, electronics and information engineering (ICEEIE) (pp. 196–200). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEEIE47180.2019.8981477
Wang, H., Fu, T., Du, Y., Gao, W., Huang, K., Liu, Z., Chandak, P., Liu, S., Van Katwyk, P., Deac, A., Anandkumar, A., Bergen, K., Gomes, C. P., Ho, S., Kohli, P., Lasenby, J., Leskovec, J., Liu, T.-Y., Manrai, A., & Marks, D. (2023). Scientific discovery in the age of artificial intelligence. Nature, 620(7972), 47–60. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06221-2
Wang, Z., Chai, C.-S., Li, J., & Wing, V. (2025). Assessment of AI ethical reflection: the development and validation of the AI ethical reflection scale (AIERS) for university students. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-025-00519-z
Won, H.-J., & Lee, C.-H. (2023). How Gamification-Based Artificial Intelligence Educational Programs Affect Ethical Awareness of Artificial Intelligence among Elementary School Students. The Institute for Education and Research Gyeongin National University of Education, 43(4), 29–40. https://doi.org/10.25020/je.2023.43.4.29
Xu, W., & Ouyang, F. (2022). The application of AI technologies in STEM education: a systematic review from 2011 to 2021. International Journal of STEM Education, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-022-00377-5
Xue, Y., & Wang, Y. (2022). Artificial Intelligence for Education and Teaching. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2022, e4750018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4750018
Yang, J., DeVore, S., Hewagallage, D., Miller, P., Ryan, Q. X., & Stewart, J. (2020). Using machine learning to identify the most at-risk students in physics classes. Physical Review Physics Education Research, 16(2), 020130.
Yang, S. J. H., Ogata, H., & Matsui, T. (2023). Guest Editorial: Human-centered AI in Education: Augment Human Intelligence with Machine Intelligence. Educational Technology & Society, 26(1), 95–98. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48707969Šorgo, A. (2020). The teacher’s role in the battle of the intelligent machines. Journal of Baltic Science Education, 19(1), 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/jbse/20.19.04
Yin Albert, C. C., Sun, Y., Li, G., Peng, J., Ran, F., Wang, Z., & Zhou, J. (2022). Identifying and monitoring students’ classroom learning behavior based on multisource information. Mobile Information Systems, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9903342
Zhai, X., Haudek, C., Shi, K., Nehm, L. H., R., & Urban-Lurain, M. (2020a). From substitution to redefinition: A framework of machine learning‐based science assessment. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 57(9), 1430–1459. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21658.
Zhai, X., He, P., & Krajcik, J. (2022). Applying machine learning to automatically assess scientific models. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 59(10), 1765–1794. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21773.
Zhai, X., Yin, Y., Pellegrino, J. W., Haudek, K. C., & Shi, L. (2020b). Applying machine learning in science assessment: A systematic review. Studies in Science Education, 56(1), 111–151. https://doi.org/10.108 0/03057267.2020.1735757.De La Cruz, R.J.D. (2022). Science Education in the Philippines. In: Huang, R., et al. Science Education in Countries Along the Belt & Road. Lecture Notes in Educational Technology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6955-2_20
Zhao, L., Chen, L., Liu, Q., Zhang, M., & Copland, H. (2019). Artificial intelligence-based platform for online teaching management systems. Journal of Intelligent

